This
section provides information about the management and phase out
of HCFCs.
Note: If you would like to suggest
a document/link which you feel is relevant to this page, please
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About this web site: see information
note on UNEP
web site and Swedish
EPA web site
HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons)
are widely used in the refrigeration,
foam, solvent, aerosol and fire fighting sectors as a transitional
substance to substitute CFCs. HCFCs are also used as feedstock (raw
material) in the production for other chemical products.
HCFCs were introduced in the 1990s as alternative chemicals for
CFCs and added to the list of substances controlled by the Montreal
Protocol. It was acknowledged at the time that these chemicals,
with considerably lower ozone depleting potentials (ODP), were transitional
and their production and consumption was also to be phased out under
the Montreal Protocol. Although having considerably lower ozone
depleting potentials than CFCs, many HCFCs have high global warming
potentials, of up to 2000 times that of carbon dioxide.
In 2006 global HCFC production was 34,400 ODP tonnes and approximately
75% of global HCFC use is in air-conditioning and refrigeration
sectors. The main HCFC used is HCFC-22 or chlorodifluoromethane.
At the 20th anniversary meeting of the Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone layer agreement was reached to adjust
the Montreal Protocol's HCFC phase out schedule to accelerate
the phase-out of production and consumption of HCFCS. This decision
will result in a significant reduction in ozone depletion and well
as in global warming.
The schedule for Article 5 (developing) country phase-out for production
and consumption of HCFCs is:
Schedule
|
Year
|
Baseline |
Average of
2009 and 2010 |
Freeze |
2013 |
10% reduction (90% of
baseline) |
2015 |
35% reduction (65% of
baseline) |
2020 |
67.5%(reduction (32.5%
of baseline) |
2025 |
Total phase-out |
2030 |
2.5 % of baseline averaged
over 10 years (2030-2040) allowed, if necessary, for servicing
of refrigeration & air-conditioning equipment until 2040 |
2030 - 2040 |
The schedule for non-Article 5 (developed) country phase-out for
production and consumption of HCFCs is:
Level
|
Year
|
Baseline |
1989 HCFC consumption
+ 2.8% of 1989 consumption |
Freeze |
1996 |
35% reduction (65% of
baseline) |
2004 |
75% reduction(25% of baseline) |
2010 |
90% reduction(10% of baseline) |
2015 |
Total phase-out |
2020 |
0.5% of baseline restricted
to servicing of refrigeration & air-conditioning equipment
until 2030 |
2020 - 2030 |
|
GTZ-Proklima:
Guidelines for the safe use of hydrocarbon refrigerants - A
handbook for engineers, technicians, trainers and policy-makers
- For a climate-friendly cooling |
published by GTZ Proklima and TUEV-Sued
This handbook is a guidebook for policy-makers involved
with designing nationwide policies to support the use of
natural refrigerants and for manufacturers and installers
of HCFC and HFC equipment to reliably assess the suitability
of hydrocarbon options and subsequently implement them.
GTZ-Proklima teamed up with TUEV Sued to ensure that the
safety system is described from both angles, from a third
party perspective and from an Implementing Agency.
This publication will be shortly available, please re-check
the website again..
|
Source:
GTZ
Proklima |
|
|
GTZ-Proklima:
Good Practices in Refrigeration |
Second editon, jointly published by GTZ-Proklima, SENAI
and MMA Brazil. This manual provides professional guidance
on how to service and maintain refrigeration systems operating
with new technology, e.g. ozone-friendly alternative refrigerants
to CFCs and HCFCs.
Part 1 addresses tools and equipment for tubing, refrigerant
handling and containment.
Part 2 focuses on handling of servicing and maintaining
refrigeration systems.
click here.
|
Source:
GTZ
Proklima |
|
|
Ozone
protection, Climate change, Energy efficiency: Montreal - Kyoto
|
The second in a series of special international
issues of the magazine "Industria & Formazione"
featuring articles on the interlinkages between ozone protection,
climate change and energy efficiency written by internationally-renown
experts in industry, government, and research institutes.
This magazine was produced by the Centro Studi Galileo in
cooperation with UNEP's OzonAction Programme, the International
Institute of Refrigeration, and the Associazione dei Tecnici
del Freddo, under the auspices of the Italian Ministry of
the Environment. The magazine was released at the 20th Meeting
of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (Doha, Qatar, 16-20
November 2008). This publication focuses on alternatives to
HCFCs, including both natural and fluorinated refrigerants.
For a full list of the articles, click
here.
|
Source:
Centro Studi Galileo, UNEP OzonAction, IIR |
|
|
Natural
Foam Blowing Agents
Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-friendly Alternatives to
HCFCs
|
A compilation of articles on ozone-and climate-friendly
HCFC alternatives in the foam sector.
This volume is a collection of articles by experts from
academia and governmental institutions, along with representatives
from manufacturers, suppliers and end-users of HCFCs in
the foam sector. It attempts to provide guidance to those
involved in implementing the HCFC phase-out under the Montreal
Protocol and all other kinds of climate protection projects
in developing countries: policy stakeholders as well as
manufacturers and end-users of HCFCs in the foam sector
from both developed and developing countries.
Various issues relevant to the introduction of natural
blowing agents are covered: legislative and policy-related
aspects, general properties, assets and drawbacks of natural
blowing agents; different applications in the manufacturing
of foams; innovative technology solutions, and case studies
from Art-5 countries on how the technology conversion towards
natural substances has successfully been implemented.
http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-proklima-nat-blow-agents.pdf
|
Source:
GTZ Proklima |
|
|
|
Natural
Refrigerants - Sustainable Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Alternatives
to HCFCs  |
This collection of articles highlights the
benefits of natural refrigerants and provides guidance to
those involved in implementing the HCFC phase-out in developing
countries: policy stakeholders, manufacturers of refrigeration
and air-conditioning equipment, and end-users of R22 such
as supermarket chains or owners of large (commercial) buildings
with installed air-conditioning systems. It contains 31 articles
covering the following themes: policies and legislation on
F-gases and related issues; safety concerns and ways of overcoming
them; a technical assessment of natural refrigerants in different
applications (air conditioning, commercial and industrial
refrigeration and heat pumps); and case studies by manufacturers
and end-users providing insights into market developments
and examples of successful conversions of systems previously
using R22 to natural refrigerants.
|
Source:
GTZ Proklima |
hcfc
|
|
TEAP
Supplemental Report to the IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding
the ozone layer and the global climate system: issues related
to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons  |
.
|
TEAP
- Report of the Task Force on HCFC Issues (with particular focus
on the impact of the Clean Development Mechanism) and Emissions
Reduction Benefits Arising from Earlier HCFC Phase-Out and Other
Practical Measures - Response to Decision XVIII/12  |
|
Report
of the Ozone Secretariat Workshop on the IPCC/TEAP Special Report
- September 2006  |
|
Summary
report of discussion at the dialogue on key future challenges
facing the Montreal Protocol  |
|
HCFC
Task Force Report May 2003  |
|
TEAP
April 1997 Report, Vol I, Part III... Possible Applications
of HCFCs... 
See pp 170- 175.
|
|
Refrigeration,
Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee
reports |
|
Source:
UNEP Ozone Secretariat, TEAP, IPCC |
|
|
Avoiding
a Double Phase-out: Alternative Technologies to HCFCs in Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning |
A case study booklet developed by the OzonAction
Programme in 1999 that informs developing countries about
how companies and organisations in other countries have successfully
identified, evaluated and adopted refrigerants that do not
rely on HCFCs. Each case study includes background about the
company, a description of the alternative technology, observations
about the applicability to developing countries, and contacts
for more information.
|
Source:
UNEP DTIE's OzonAction Programme |
|
|
ammonia21.com
 |
ammonia21.com is a commercial web site that
aims to foster the worldwide use of ammonia (NH3, also known
as R-717) in industrial and commercial refrigeration, chilling,
and other applications. It includes details about commercially-available
NH3-based technology, provides an interactive tool to connect
with the global ammonia community, and information about the
latest progress regarding the use of ammonia as a natural
refrigerant.
|
Source:
ammonia21.com |
|
|
hydrocarbons21.com
 |
hydrocarbons21.com is a commercial web site
that aims to support the worldwide use of hydrocarbon (HC)
refrigerants in cooling, refrigeration, and heating. It includes
details about commercially-available HC technology, provides
an interactive tool to connect with the global HC community,
and information about the latest developments regarding the
use of hydrocarbons as natural refrigerants, including propane,
isobutane, propylene and others. Some of the HC technologies
featured on this site are replacements for HCFCs.
|
Source:
hydrocarbons21.com |
|
|
R744.com
|
R744.com is a commercial web site that covers
"Everything R744" in mobile air conditioning (MAC),
refrigeration, heat pumps, and other applications. The website
includes: news affecting the use of R744 worldwide; Components,
systems and engineering services for R744 mobile and stationary
heating, cooling, and refrigeration systems; Policies andlegislation
worldwide; Upcoming conferences andevents;
Papers database; Frequently Asked Questions about CO2 in different
applications; Forums to share best practice and exchange ideas
about the use of R744; Jobs platform to connect employers
and qualified staff active in R744 technology.
|
Source:
R744.com |
|
Japan's
Cool Earth Partnership  |
The Government of
Japan established this financial mechanism to assist developing
countries to address climate change. Starting in 2008 and lasting
for 5 years, Japan will provide funds amounting to approximately
US$ 10 billion (JPYen 1,250 billion) for assistance to developing
countries that are making efforts to reduce GHGs emissions and
achieve economic growth in a compatible way, on the basis of
policy consultations between Japan and those countries. Japan
will provide assistance in two major categories: (1) adaptation
to climate change and improved access to clean energy (up to
US$ 2 billion, or JPYen 250 billion) and (2) assistance for
mitigation of climate change (up to US$ 8 billion, or JPYen
1 trillion). As an example in the "Mitigation of climate
change", the Fund would consider measures to mitigate effects
of global warming by reducing GHGs emissions. It is possible
that projects involving reduction of GHG emissions by addressing
HCFCs or HFCs could be eligible. |
Source:
Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
|
|
|
Decision
XIX/6: Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol with regard to Annex
C, Group I, substances (hydrochlorofluorocarbons)
 |
From
the Report of the 19th Meeting of the Parties (MOP) to the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, pages 33-34
(document number UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/7) |
Decision
XVIII/12: Future work following the Ozone Secretariat workshop
on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change/Technology
and Economic Assessment Panel special report  |
From the Report of the 18th MOP, pages 38-39
(document number UNEP/OzL.Pro.18/10)
|
Source:
UNEP Ozone Secretariat |
hcfc
|
|
Draft
Guidelines for the Preparation of HCFC Phase-out Management
Plans Incorporating HCFC Surveys (Decision 53/37 (H))
|
This document, which contains draft guidelines for the preparation
of HCFC phase-out management plans (HPMPs), has been prepared
by the Multilateral Fund Secretariat in cooperation with the
implementing agencies in response to decision 53/37. It takes
into account the comments and views of Executive Committee
members. The document contains three parts: Part I addresses
the timing and the general approach to adopting guidelines
for the development of HPMPs. Part II covers policy issues
that are related to the development of the guidelines. Part
III outlines specific activities that should be undertaken
with respect to data collection, preparation, consultation
and finalization of draft guidelines for the preparation of
HPMPs. (document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/54/53).
See also Executive Committee decision
54/39.
|
Source:
Multilateral Fund Secretariat |
hcfc
|
|
Refrigerants,
Naturally  |
A global
initiative of companies committed to combat climate change and
ozone layer depletion by substituting fluorinated gases ("F-gases",
such as CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs) with natural refrigerants. Refrigerants,
Naturally! is supported by the United Nation Environment Programme
and Greenpeace and is recognised as a "Partnership for
Sustainable Development" by the UN Commission on Sustainable
Development. See also the Refrigerants,
Naturally partnership page on this site. |
Source:
Refrigerants, Naturally |
hcfc
|
|
Building
Owners Save Money, Save the Earth, Replace Your CFC Air Conditioning
Chiller |
A brochure explaining the environmental and
financial reasons to replace CFC chillers with new, energy-efficient
equipment. A partnership of international organisations, governments,
manufacturers, NGOs and others have endorsed the brochure
to eliminate uncertainty and underscore the wisdom of replacing
CFC chillers.
|
Source:
USEPA, UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme, UNDP, World Bank |
hcfc
|
|
HCFC
Phase-Out
|
A comparative assessment by the Environmental
Investigation Agency of the proposed Adjustments which were
considered at the 19th Meeting of the Parties of the Montreal
Protocol.
|
Source:
Environmental Investigation Agency |
hcfc
|
|
Turning
up the Heat
|
An Environmental Investigation Agency report
that explores linkages between ozone layer depletion and climate
change: the urgent case of HCFCs and HFCs.
|
Source:
Environmental Investigation Agency |
|
|
HCFC
Phase out: Convenient Opportunity
to Safeguard the Ozone Layer and Climate |
A Special Issue of OzonAction dedicated to
HCFCs, released in advance of the 20th Meeting of the Parties
to the Montreal Protocol (Doha, Qatar, November 2008)
|
Source:
UNEP DTIE's OzonAction Programme |
|
|
Factsheet:
Status report on HCFCs |
Part of a series of factsheets developed by
the Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP) team located in
UNEP's Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) to
address developing countries' priority questions related to
compliance with the Montreal Protocol.
|
Source:
UNEP DTIE's OzonAction Programme |
hcfc
|
|
Article
7 data access centre on HCFCs  |
A searchable database on HCFC consumption
and production data as reported by countries to the Ozone
Secretariat.
|
Source:
UNEP Ozone Secretariat |
hcfc
|
|
Executive
Committee discussions about HCFC surveys for Argentina, Brazil,
China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran,
Lebanon, Mexico, Venezuela  |
Information about the HCFC surveys undertaken
by UNDP (for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia,
Islamic Republic of Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Venezuela) and
by the Government of Germany (for China). From the report
of the 51st Meeting of the Executive Committee, March 2007
(document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/51/46).
|
Executive
Committee discussions about HCFC surveys for Malaysia, Sri Lanka
and the Syrian Arab Republic  |
Information about these surveys undertaken by UNDP. From
the report of the 52nd Meeting of the Executive Committee,
July 2007
(document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/52/55).
|
Source:
Multilateral Fund Secretariat |
hcfc
|
|
HCFC
surveys in nine article 5 countries: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Lebanon, Mexico,
and Venezuela  |
Summary and preliminary conclusions of HCFC country surveys.
Paper presented by UNDP to the 51st Meeting of the Executive
Committee, March 2007 (document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/51/Inf.2).
|
HCFC
surveys in Article 5 countries: Sri Lanka, the Syrian Arab
Republic and Addendum

|
Paper
presented by UNDP to the 52nd Meeting of the Executive Committee,
June 2007. (document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/52/Inf.2 and
UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/52/Inf.2/Add.1)
|
Study
on the strategy for the long term management of HCFCs in China
 |
Paper presented by Germany to the 51st Meeting of the Executive
Committee, March 2007 (document number UNEP/OzL.Pro/ExCom/51/Inf.3)
|
Source:
Multilateral Fund Secretariat |
|
|
Trade
Names of Chemicals containing Ozone Depleting Substances and
their Alternatives |
A worldwide database of the commercial trade
names of chemical products containing ozone depleting chemicals
-including HCFCs - controlled under the Montreal Protocol.
This service is designed to help customs officials and National
Ozone Units control imports and exports of these chemicals
and prevent their illegal trade.
|
Source:
UNEP DTIE's OzonAction Programme |
|
|
International
Technical Meeting on HCFC phase-out (Montreal, 5-6 April 2008)
|
The accelerated phase-out schedule for HCFCs
agreed on at the 19th Meeting of the Parties places increased
urgency on the need to identify cost-effective and environmentally
friendly alternatives. To support developing countries with
this challenge the European Commission organised a technical
meeting held on 5-6 April 2008 in Montreal, Canada.The meeting
offered an early opportunity for preparing the implementation
of Decision XIX/6 of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol
by gathering and providing information on cost-effective and
environmentally friendly alternatives to HCFCs in the refrigeration/air-conditioning
and foam sectors. The meeting also provided information on
the technical tools for implementing viable alternatives.
|
Source:
EC DG Environment |
|
|
In the HCFC Help Centre,
UNEP is including links to other organisations' web sites and
online resources. In such cases, UNEP is providing such links
for information purposes only and it does not imply or constitute
an endorsement of the commercial products, services or policies
of those organisations. |
|
|
|
-2244 days
or
-73 months
to go
|
HCFC
freeze
|
|
-1514
days or
-49 months
to go
|
HCFC reduction
to 90% of baseline
|
|